​So what does a stock buyback mean?

Stock buyback, often known as stock repurchase, offers a way for companies to return some wealth to their shareholders, while potentially boosting their stock prices.

While stock repurchases are not always initiated with the best of intentions, there are actually a number of valid reasons why a business might decide to offer one to its shareholders.

Your portfolio will benefit from understanding exactly what lies behind a particular company’s decision to do so.

In this article, we'll dive into some advantages of stock buyback​ and all the reasons behind why would a company repurchase its own stock.

The most common stock buyback approach is through the open market. In this case, a company simply buys its own shares at the current market price, in much the same way that you would do as an individual investor.

When a company presents a tender offer to its shareholders, on the other hand, it’s effectively offering to buy back some or all of its shares directly from them.

A tender offer generally states the total number of shares the company is looking to repurchase, the price range it’s willing to pay per share, and the expiry date of the offer.

A stock repurchase of this type usually involves paying shareholders a share price that is significantly higher than the current market value.

The final, and least common, way that a business can buy back its own shares is to negotiate their purchase privately, and directly, from a large individual shareholder.

Why Do Companies Buy Back Stock?

​When motivated by positive intentions, companies engage in stock repurchases to help boost shareholder value.

When a company offers to buy back shares of its own stock from its shareholders, it effectively removes those shares from circulation.

This both provides shareholders with the option to receive a cash payment, usually well above market price, for some or all of their stock, and causes the stock’s EPS to rise at the same time.

With fewer shares on the open market laying claim to the company’s earnings, it means that each share will be entitled to a larger portion of those earnings than it was before the share repurchase.

Both higher earnings, and the confidence to reinvest in itself, are seen as positive growth indicators in a company, and investors will tend to push up a company’s stock price following a share buyback announcement as they rush to take advantage of this promising scenario.

There are 6 main ​reasons for stock buyback, let's find out which of the following are effective ways to try to boost a company's stock price.

1. Boost Undervalued Shares

Quite often, a company will use a stock buyback to pump up the price of its shares when it believes they have become undervalued in the marketplace.

In this case, a share repurchase would serve as your signal that the company has great confidence in itself, that it believes its shares have been unfairly discounted as far as their intrinsic worth is concerned, and that it’s willing to back up that belief with cold, hard cash.

There are a number of reasons why a company’s stock price may currently be lower than it reasonably should be, including a one-time scandal or negative news event, or the failure to meet expected earnings predictions.

2. Enhance Shareholder Value By Providing Cash Distribution

Share buybacks are often used to provide current shareholders with a cash distribution, and this is viewed as a bonus by many investors.

But because companies usually pay a premium to buy back stock from their shareholders, it means there’s an inherent risk of transferring money directly out of the pockets of long-term shareholders, and into the pockets of those participating in the buyback.

This can be a distinct disadvantage if you are an investor who chooses to hold onto your stocks for the long run. On the plusside however, a share repurchase often results in a stronger stock price.

This can add a certain level of security to your portfolio, particularly since many company buyback programs are implemented during market declines to help bolster and support stock prices.

3. Increase Earnings Per Share (EPS)

One of the main ways a stock repurchase can improve your investment value is through an increase in Earnings per Share (EPS). This fact is based on a simple mathematical formula.

If a company removes some of their outstanding shares from the marketplace by buying back stock, it means that their annual earnings will be distributed among fewershares, and that each of those shares will be entitled to a greater portion of those earnings.

Furthermore, a rising EPS is often linked to an increase in stock price, providing even greater investor value, since there will be a higher demand for a stock that is seen to be growing its earnings.

4. Reduce Cash Outflow

Share buybacks provide a viable way for companies to reduce their cash outflow, without actually having to cut their dividends.

Fewer outstanding shares mean fewer dividends to be paid, and a business often stands to save a significant amount of money when this difference far outweighs the cost to repurchase the shares.

5. Make Changes in Capital Structure

Capital structure is the way in which a business funds its growth and operation, generally through a combination of debt and equity.

When a company initiates a stock buyback, it effectively changes its capital structure, because fewer outstanding shares equates to less outstanding equity.

This change in structure has the benefit of increasing a company’s Return on Equity (ROE), simply because its generated returns are now linked to a lower level of equity.

And a higher ROE is definitely viewed as a positive feature in the marketplace.

6. Provide Stock Buyback Programs to Shareholders

Sometimes a large shareholder or seller of a specific stock is looking to liquefy their holdings, and the stock-issuing company may offer to buy back their shares from them.

Repurchases of Common Stock Can Negatively Affect Your Returns

Initiating a stock buyback is generally a smart way for a company to make use of any excess cash it may have, particularly if it finds its stock has become undervalued in the marketplace.

But as a value investor, you should never assume that every business out there has your best interests at heart.

Unfortunately, not every stock repurchase scenario is a positive one.

There are a number of ways that a company’s buyback plan could negatively impact your investment, especially if it’s undertaken for the wrong reason, or at the wrong time.

Developing an understanding of these worst-case scenarios will help to protect your portfolio from the disastrous downside of a buyback gone wrong.

The following situations describe 6 ways that a company’s decision to buy back its own stock can lead to potential loss inside your portfolio.

1. Inflate Stock Prices to Attract Investors

Stock buybacks can be quite effective in helping to bring an undervalued stock’s price more in line with its intrinsic value.

But implementing a buyback when stock is selling for more than it’s inherently worth demonstrates, at best, poor judgment and, at worst, a sign that the company is trying to artificially enhance its earnings picture for some reason.

Obviously, you shouldn’t view either of these possibilities as desirable characteristics in an effective management team, since buying overvalued stock will inevitably lead to an overall decrease in shareholder value.

​2. Manipulate Earnings Per Share (EPS)

While an increased EPS is generally considered to be a good thing where shareholders are concerned, initiating a share repurchase for the sole purpose of hiking up earnings is not a wise business practice.

It’s important to remember that the increase resulting from spreading the same earnings among fewer shares doesn’t actually reflect a higher level of intrinsic value within the stock itself.

In a sense, the higher EPS is somewhat artificial since it wasn’t the result of increased earnings from regular business operations, and the company had to actually spend money to create it.

If you’re a long-term investor, the end-result of such a ploy will likely offer very little in the way of benefits.

And if the temporary manipulation of EPS just before an earnings announcement was the company’s main stock buyback goal, you may want to reconsider your holdings with them.

3. Provide Executive Perks​

Would you be surprised to learn that share buybacks are sometimes undertaken for the sole purpose of lining the pockets of company executives?

Unfortunately, it’s true. Key management personnel are often compensated by way of stock options.

And while the intention behind this perk is positive, since it results in managers becoming personally invested in the performance of the businesses they run.

The potential downside is that many executives will use stock repurchase plans to maximize their returns, by keeping outstanding shares down, and EPS up.

4. Take on Debt to Fund a Share Repurchase

Taking on debt to fund a share buyback is not usually a smart financial decision.

Sometimes it’s done because the company expects that its ever-increasing operational earnings will serve to pay off the debt in a timely enough fashion to make it worthwhile.

Other companies believe that using debt in this way is financially efficient because, unlike share dividend payments, loan interest is tax deductible.

Regardless of the thinking behind it, it’s important to remember that debt is debt and must be repaid.

Not only can increasing a company’s debt load in this way drain cash reserves and harm credit ratings, it has the potential to run both the company and its investors straight into financial difficulties.

5. Evade an Enemy​

Now and then, taking on debt to support a share repurchase plan may serve another intended purpose.

When a company is under threat of a hostile takeover, it may use this buyback approach to try and prevent such an event by:

In either case, this type of share buyback scenario represents a desperate defensive measure that simply does not support the best interests of the shareholder.

6. Delay the Inevitable​

Sometimes a stock buyback is a frantic attempt to offset poor performance or a difficult economy, or it may even be a last-ditch effort to save a floundering business.

While repurchasing shares can help to raise their EPS temporarily, it’s no match for declining profits.

You should also watch for companies that use stock repurchase announcements to try and lift the price of their stock, without actually following through on their plans.

Many share buybacks are announced, but never fully implemented.

The Bottom Line

Now you understand exactly why companies buy back stock and how this practice can help boost the stock prices and increase shareholders' value.

So is it good when a company buys back stock​?

A stock buyback is meant to be a positive investor event that can help to increase the value of your shares.

As a value investor, it can’t be stressed enough how important it is that you take the time to comb through the fine details of any share repurchase announcement for such warning signs as overvalued stock or an increased debt load, before acting on it.

Like so many other investment events, share buybacks can turn out to be either a good thing or a bad thing for investors, depending on the circumstances.

There are a number of situations where companies may choose to buy back their shares for all the wrong reasons.

It’s important that you do your research and study a company’s financial reports in order to determine the true reason behind their decision to buy back shares.

At the best of times, this decision will be based on a strong desire to promote shareholder value.

But if a business is indiscriminately engaging in a share repurchase when their stock is overvalued, and they are using debt to do it, the end result is likely to be quite devastating for the shareholder.